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PERLFORM(1) User Contributed Perl Documentation PERLFORM(1) NNNNAAAAMMMMEEEE perlform - Perl formats DDDDEEEESSSSCCCCRRRRIIIIPPPPTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN Perl has a mechanism to help you generate simple reports and charts. To facilitate this, Perl helps you code up your output page close to how it will look when it's printed. It can keep track of things like how many lines on a page, what page you're on, when to print page headers, etc. Keywords are borrowed from FORTRAN: _f_o_r_m_a_t_(_) to declare and _w_r_i_t_e_(_) to execute; see their entries in the _p_e_r_l_f_u_n_c manpage. Fortunately, the layout is much more legible, more like BASIC's PRINT USING statement. Think of it as a poor man's _n_r_o_f_f(1). Formats, like packages and subroutines, are declared rather than executed, so they may occur at any point in your program. (Usually it's best to keep them all together though.) They have their own namespace apart from all the other "types" in Perl. This means that if you have a function named "Foo", it is not the same thing as having a format named "Foo". However, the default name for the format associated with a given filehandle is the same as the name of the filehandle. Thus, the default format for STDOUT is name "STDOUT", and the default format for filehandle TEMP is name "TEMP". They just look the same. They aren't. Output record formats are declared as follows: ffffoooorrrrmmmmaaaatttt NNNNAAAAMMMMEEEE ==== FFFFOOOORRRRMMMMLLLLIIIISSSSTTTT .... If name is omitted, format "STDOUT" is defined. FORMLIST consists of a sequence of lines, each of which may be of one of three types: 1. A comment, indicated by putting a '#' in the first column. 2. A "picture" line giving the format for one output line. 3. An argument line supplying values to plug into the previous picture line. Picture lines are printed exactly as they look, except for certain fields that substitute values into the line. Each field in a picture line starts with either "@" (at) or "^" (caret). These lines do not undergo any kind of variable interpolation. The at field (not to be confused with the array marker @) is the normal kind of field; the other kind, caret fields, are used to do rudimentary multi-line 30/Jan/96 perl 5.002 with 1 PERLFORM(1) User Contributed Perl Documentation PERLFORM(1) text block filling. The length of the field is supplied by padding out the field with multiple "<", ">", or "|" characters to specify, respectively, left justification, right justification, or centering. If the variable would exceed the width specified, it is truncated. As an alternate form of right justification, you may also use "#" characters (with an optional ".") to specify a numeric field. This way you can line up the decimal points. If any value supplied for these fields contains a newline, only the text up to the newline is printed. Finally, the special field "@*" can be used for printing multi-line, non-truncated values; it should appear by itself on a line. The values are specified on the following line in the same order as the picture fields. The expressions providing the values should be separated by commas. The expressions are all evaluated in a list context before the line is processed, so a single list expression could produce multiple list elements. The expressions may be spread out to more than one line if enclosed in braces. If so, the opening brace must be the first token on the first line. Picture fields that begin with ^ rather than @ are treated specially. With a # field, the field is blanked out if the value is undefined. For other field types, the caret enables a kind of fill mode. Instead of an arbitrary expression, the value supplied must be a scalar variable name that contains a text string. Perl puts as much text as it can into the field, and then chops off the front of the string so that the next time the variable is referenced, more of the text can be printed. (Yes, this means that the variable itself is altered during execution of the _w_r_i_t_e_(_) call, and is not returned.) Normally you would use a sequence of fields in a vertical stack to print out a block of text. You might wish to end the final field with the text "...", which will appear in the output if the text was too long to appear in its entirety. You can change which characters are legal to break on by changing the variable $$$$:::: (that's $$$$FFFFOOOORRRRMMMMAAAATTTT____LLLLIIIINNNNEEEE____BBBBRRRREEEEAAAAKKKK____CCCCHHHHAAAARRRRAAAACCCCTTTTEEEERRRRSSSS if you're using the English module) to a list of the desired characters. Using caret fields can produce variable length records. If the text to be formatted is short, you can suppress blank lines by putting a "~" (tilde) character anywhere in the line. The tilde will be translated to a space upon output. If you put a second tilde contiguous to the first, the line will be repeated until all the fields on the line are exhausted. (If you use a field of the at variety, the expression you supply had better not give the same value every time forever!) 30/Jan/96 perl 5.002 with 2 PERLFORM(1) User Contributed Perl Documentation PERLFORM(1) Top-of-form processing is by default handled by a format with the same name as the current filehandle with "_TOP" concatenated to it. It's triggered at the top of each page. See <perlfunc/_w_r_i_t_e_(_)>. Examples: #### aaaa rrrreeeeppppoooorrrrtttt oooonnnn tttthhhheeee ////eeeettttcccc////ppppaaaasssssssswwwwdddd ffffiiiilllleeee ffffoooorrrrmmmmaaaatttt SSSSTTTTDDDDOOOOUUUUTTTT____TTTTOOOOPPPP ==== PPPPaaaasssssssswwwwdddd FFFFiiiilllleeee NNNNaaaammmmeeee LLLLooooggggiiiinnnn OOOOffffffffiiiicccceeee UUUUiiiidddd GGGGiiiidddd HHHHoooommmmeeee ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ .... ffffoooorrrrmmmmaaaatttt SSSSTTTTDDDDOOOOUUUUTTTT ==== @@@@<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< @@@@|||||||||||||||||||||||||||| @@@@<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<@@@@>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> @@@@>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> @@@@<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< $$$$nnnnaaaammmmeeee,,,, $$$$llllooooggggiiiinnnn,,,, $$$$ooooffffffffiiiicccceeee,,,,$$$$uuuuiiiidddd,,,,$$$$ggggiiiidddd,,,, $$$$hhhhoooommmmeeee .... #### aaaa rrrreeeeppppoooorrrrtttt ffffrrrroooommmm aaaa bbbbuuuugggg rrrreeeeppppoooorrrrtttt ffffoooorrrrmmmm ffffoooorrrrmmmmaaaatttt SSSSTTTTDDDDOOOOUUUUTTTT____TTTTOOOOPPPP ==== BBBBuuuugggg RRRReeeeppppoooorrrrttttssss @@@@<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< @@@@|||||||||||| @@@@>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> $$$$ssssyyyysssstttteeeemmmm,,,, $$$$%%%%,,,, $$$$ddddaaaatttteeee ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ .... ffffoooorrrrmmmmaaaatttt SSSSTTTTDDDDOOOOUUUUTTTT ==== SSSSuuuubbbbjjjjeeeecccctttt:::: @@@@<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< $$$$ssssuuuubbbbjjjjeeeecccctttt IIIInnnnddddeeeexxxx:::: @@@@<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< ^^^^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< $$$$iiiinnnnddddeeeexxxx,,,, $$$$ddddeeeessssccccrrrriiiippppttttiiiioooonnnn PPPPrrrriiiioooorrrriiiittttyyyy:::: @@@@<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< DDDDaaaatttteeee:::: @@@@<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< ^^^^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< $$$$pppprrrriiiioooorrrriiiittttyyyy,,,, $$$$ddddaaaatttteeee,,,, $$$$ddddeeeessssccccrrrriiiippppttttiiiioooonnnn FFFFrrrroooommmm:::: @@@@<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< ^^^^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< $$$$ffffrrrroooommmm,,,, $$$$ddddeeeessssccccrrrriiiippppttttiiiioooonnnn AAAAssssssssiiiiggggnnnneeeedddd ttttoooo:::: @@@@<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< ^^^^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< $$$$pppprrrrooooggggrrrraaaammmmmmmmeeeerrrr,,,, $$$$ddddeeeessssccccrrrriiiippppttttiiiioooonnnn ~~~~ ^^^^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< $$$$ddddeeeessssccccrrrriiiippppttttiiiioooonnnn ~~~~ ^^^^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< $$$$ddddeeeessssccccrrrriiiippppttttiiiioooonnnn ~~~~ ^^^^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< $$$$ddddeeeessssccccrrrriiiippppttttiiiioooonnnn ~~~~ ^^^^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< $$$$ddddeeeessssccccrrrriiiippppttttiiiioooonnnn ~~~~ ^^^^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<............ $$$$ddddeeeessssccccrrrriiiippppttttiiiioooonnnn .... It is possible to intermix _p_r_i_n_t_(_)s with _w_r_i_t_e_(_)s on the same output channel, but you'll have to handle $- ($FORMAT_LINES_LEFT) yourself. 30/Jan/96 perl 5.002 with 3 PERLFORM(1) User Contributed Perl Documentation PERLFORM(1) FFFFoooorrrrmmmmaaaatttt VVVVaaaarrrriiiiaaaabbbblllleeeessss The current format name is stored in the variable $$$$~~~~ ($FORMAT_NAME), and the current top of form format name is in $$$$^^^^ ($FORMAT_TOP_NAME). The current output page number is stored in $$$$%%%% ($FORMAT_PAGE_NUMBER), and the number of lines on the page is in $$$$==== ($FORMAT_LINES_PER_PAGE). Whether to autoflush output on this handle is stored in $$$$|||| ($OUTPUT_AUTOFLUSH). The string output before each top of page (except the first) is stored in $$$$^^^^LLLL ($FORMAT_FORMFEED). These variables are set on a per- filehandle basis, so you'll need to _s_e_l_e_c_t_(_) into a different one to affect them: sssseeeelllleeeecccctttt((((((((sssseeeelllleeeecccctttt((((OOOOUUUUTTTTFFFF)))),,,, $$$$~~~~ ==== """"MMMMyyyy____OOOOtttthhhheeeerrrr____FFFFoooorrrrmmmmaaaatttt"""",,,, $$$$^^^^ ==== """"MMMMyyyy____TTTToooopppp____FFFFoooorrrrmmmmaaaatttt"""" ))))[[[[0000]]]]))));;;; Pretty ugly, eh? It's a common idiom though, so don't be too surprised when you see it. You can at least use a temporary variable to hold the previous filehandle: (this is a much better approach in general, because not only does legibility improve, you now have intermediary stage in the expression to single-step the debugger through): $$$$ooooffffhhhh ==== sssseeeelllleeeecccctttt((((OOOOUUUUTTTTFFFF))));;;; $$$$~~~~ ==== """"MMMMyyyy____OOOOtttthhhheeeerrrr____FFFFoooorrrrmmmmaaaatttt"""";;;; $$$$^^^^ ==== """"MMMMyyyy____TTTToooopppp____FFFFoooorrrrmmmmaaaatttt"""";;;; sssseeeelllleeeecccctttt(((($$$$ooooffffhhhh))));;;; If you use the English module, you can even read the variable names: uuuusssseeee EEEEnnnngggglllliiiisssshhhh;;;; $$$$ooooffffhhhh ==== sssseeeelllleeeecccctttt((((OOOOUUUUTTTTFFFF))));;;; $$$$FFFFOOOORRRRMMMMAAAATTTT____NNNNAAAAMMMMEEEE ==== """"MMMMyyyy____OOOOtttthhhheeeerrrr____FFFFoooorrrrmmmmaaaatttt"""";;;; $$$$FFFFOOOORRRRMMMMAAAATTTT____TTTTOOOOPPPP____NNNNAAAAMMMMEEEE ==== """"MMMMyyyy____TTTToooopppp____FFFFoooorrrrmmmmaaaatttt"""";;;; sssseeeelllleeeecccctttt(((($$$$ooooffffhhhh))));;;; But you still have those funny _s_e_l_e_c_t_(_)s. So just use the FileHandle module. Now, you can access these special variables using lower-case method names instead: uuuusssseeee FFFFiiiilllleeeeHHHHaaaannnnddddlllleeee;;;; ffffoooorrrrmmmmaaaatttt____nnnnaaaammmmeeee OOOOUUUUTTTTFFFF """"MMMMyyyy____OOOOtttthhhheeeerrrr____FFFFoooorrrrmmmmaaaatttt"""";;;; ffffoooorrrrmmmmaaaatttt____ttttoooopppp____nnnnaaaammmmeeee OOOOUUUUTTTTFFFF """"MMMMyyyy____TTTToooopppp____FFFFoooorrrrmmmmaaaatttt"""";;;; Much better! NNNNOOOOTTTTEEEESSSS Since the values line may contain arbitrary expressions (for at fields, not caret fields), you can farm out more sophisticated processing to other functions, like 30/Jan/96 perl 5.002 with 4 PERLFORM(1) User Contributed Perl Documentation PERLFORM(1) _s_p_r_i_n_t_f_(_) or one of your own. For example: ffffoooorrrrmmmmaaaatttt IIIIddddeeeennnntttt ==== @@@@<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< &&&&ccccoooommmmmmmmiiiiffffyyyy(((($$$$nnnn)))) .... To get a real at or caret into the field, do this: ffffoooorrrrmmmmaaaatttt IIIIddddeeeennnntttt ==== IIII hhhhaaaavvvveeee aaaannnn @@@@ hhhheeeerrrreeee.... """"@@@@"""" .... To center a whole line of text, do something like this: ffffoooorrrrmmmmaaaatttt IIIIddddeeeennnntttt ==== @@@@|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| """"SSSSoooommmmeeee tttteeeexxxxtttt lllliiiinnnneeee"""" .... There is no builtin way to say "float this to the right hand side of the page, however wide it is." You have to specify where it goes. The truly desperate can generate their own format on the fly, based on the current number of columns, and then _e_v_a_l_(_) it: $$$$ffffoooorrrrmmmmaaaatttt ==== """"ffffoooorrrrmmmmaaaatttt SSSSTTTTDDDDOOOOUUUUTTTT ==== \\\\nnnn"""";;;; .... ''''^^^^'''' .... ''''<<<<'''' xxxx $$$$ccccoooollllssss .... """"\\\\nnnn"""";;;; .... ''''$$$$eeeennnnttttrrrryyyy'''' .... """"\\\\nnnn"""";;;; .... """"\\\\tttt^^^^"""" .... """"<<<<"""" xxxx (((($$$$ccccoooollllssss----8888)))) .... """"~~~~~~~~\\\\nnnn"""";;;; .... ''''$$$$eeeennnnttttrrrryyyy'''' .... """"\\\\nnnn"""";;;; .... """"....\\\\nnnn"""";;;; pppprrrriiiinnnntttt $$$$ffffoooorrrrmmmmaaaatttt iiiiffff $$$$DDDDeeeebbbbuuuuggggggggiiiinnnngggg;;;; eeeevvvvaaaallll $$$$ffffoooorrrrmmmmaaaatttt;;;; ddddiiiieeee $$$$@@@@ iiiiffff $$$$@@@@;;;; Which would generate a format looking something like this: ffffoooorrrrmmmmaaaatttt SSSSTTTTDDDDOOOOUUUUTTTT ==== ^^^^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< $$$$eeeennnnttttrrrryyyy ^^^^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<~~~~~~~~ $$$$eeeennnnttttrrrryyyy .... Here's a little program that's somewhat like _f_m_t(1): ffffoooorrrrmmmmaaaatttt ==== ^^^^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< ~~~~~~~~ $$$$____ .... 30/Jan/96 perl 5.002 with 5 PERLFORM(1) User Contributed Perl Documentation PERLFORM(1) $$$$//// ==== '''''''';;;; wwwwhhhhiiiilllleeee ((((<<<<>>>>)))) {{{{ ssss////\\\\ssss****\\\\nnnn\\\\ssss****//// ////gggg;;;; wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee;;;; }}}} FFFFooooooootttteeeerrrrssss While $$$$FFFFOOOORRRRMMMMAAAATTTT____TTTTOOOOPPPP____NNNNAAAAMMMMEEEE contains the name of the current header format, there is no corresponding mechanism to automatically do the same thing for a footer. Not knowing how big a format is going to be until you evaluate it is one of the major problems. It's on the TODO list. Here's one strategy: If you have a fixed-size footer, you can get footers by checking $$$$FFFFOOOORRRRMMMMAAAATTTT____LLLLIIIINNNNEEEESSSS____LLLLEEEEFFFFTTTT before each _w_r_i_t_e_(_) and print the footer yourself if necessary. Here's another strategy; open a pipe to yourself, using ooooppppeeeennnn((((MMMMEEEESSSSEEEELLLLFFFF,,,, """"||||----"""")))) (see the ooooppppeeeennnn(((()))) entry in the _p_e_r_l_f_u_n_c manpage) and always _w_r_i_t_e_(_) to MESELF instead of STDOUT. Have your child process postprocesses its STDIN to rearrange headers and footers however you like. Not very convenient, but doable. AAAAcccccccceeeessssssssiiiinnnngggg FFFFoooorrrrmmmmaaaattttttttiiiinnnngggg IIIInnnntttteeeerrrrnnnnaaaallllssss For low-level access to the formatting mechanism. you may use _f_o_r_m_l_i_n_e_(_) and access $$$$^^^^AAAA (the $$$$AAAACCCCCCCCUUUUMMMMUUUULLLLAAAATTTTOOOORRRR variable) directly. For example: $$$$ssssttttrrrr ==== ffffoooorrrrmmmmlllliiiinnnneeee <<<<<<<<''''EEEENNNNDDDD'''',,,, 1111,,,,2222,,,,3333;;;; @@@@<<<<<<<<<<<< @@@@|||||||||||| @@@@>>>>>>>>>>>> EEEENNNNDDDD pppprrrriiiinnnntttt """"WWWWoooowwww,,,, IIII jjjjuuuusssstttt ssssttttoooorrrreeeedddd ````$$$$^^^^AAAA'''' iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee aaaaccccccccuuuummmmuuuullllaaaattttoooorrrr!!!!\\\\nnnn"""";;;; Or to make an _s_w_r_i_t_e_(_) subroutine which is to _w_r_i_t_e_(_) what _s_p_r_i_n_t_f_(_) is to _p_r_i_n_t_f_(_), do this: uuuusssseeee CCCCaaaarrrrpppp;;;; ssssuuuubbbb sssswwwwrrrriiiitttteeee {{{{ ccccrrrrooooaaaakkkk """"uuuussssaaaaggggeeee:::: sssswwwwrrrriiiitttteeee PPPPIIIICCCCTTTTUUUURRRREEEE AAAARRRRGGGGSSSS"""" uuuunnnnlllleeeessssssss @@@@____;;;; mmmmyyyy $$$$ffffoooorrrrmmmmaaaatttt ==== sssshhhhiiiifffftttt;;;; $$$$^^^^AAAA ==== """""""";;;; ffffoooorrrrmmmmlllliiiinnnneeee(((($$$$ffffoooorrrrmmmmaaaatttt,,,,@@@@____))));;;; rrrreeeettttuuuurrrrnnnn $$$$^^^^AAAA;;;; }}}} 30/Jan/96 perl 5.002 with 6 PERLFORM(1) User Contributed Perl Documentation PERLFORM(1) $$$$ssssttttrrrriiiinnnngggg ==== sssswwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((<<<<<<<<''''EEEENNNNDDDD'''',,,, 1111,,,, 2222,,,, 3333))));;;; CCCChhhheeeecccckkkk mmmmeeee oooouuuutttt @@@@<<<<<<<<<<<< @@@@|||||||||||| @@@@>>>>>>>>>>>> EEEENNNNDDDD pppprrrriiiinnnntttt $$$$ssssttttrrrriiiinnnngggg;;;; WWWWAAAARRRRNNNNIIIINNNNGGGG Lexical variables (declared with "my") are not visible within a format unless the format is declared within the scope of the lexical variable. (They weren't visible at all before version 5.001.) Furthermore, lexical aliases will not be compiled correctly: see the mmmmyyyy entry in the _p_e_r_l_f_u_n_c manpage for other issues. 30/Jan/96 perl 5.002 with 7